the qualitative and quantitative comparison between proteomes under different conditions, to help understand biological processes

the set of all RNA transcripts in a group of cells, including both the coding and non-coding RNA

the entire set of proteins that can be expressed by a genome, cell, tissue, or organism at a given time

the process of changing a protein after it has been synthesised, either spontaneously or enzymatically

the addition of a sugar to a protein; a post-translational modification

process to determine the size and relative expression of a protein (similar to DNA electrophoresis); gives a single column with a series of bands, poor resolution

process of assaying the mass of proteins using SDS to remove structure and charge as factors that could influence the migration of the protein through the gel

a type of PAGE gel allowing proteins to be separated by mass and pI, giving higher resolution spots; requires the gel to be turned 90 degrees while running to separate proteins further

the pH at which a molecule carries no net electrical charge; effectively neutral

process fractionating a protein solution (eg- lysate) down a column, separating proteins out but not distinguishing specific proteins

a tag appended to a protein to allow purification from crude biological sources, and in some cases alter the properties of the protein (eg- solubility, …)

technique used to measure the mass/charge ratio of ions; can be used to identify proteins

high-throughput method used to study interactions and activities of proteins, and to determine functions on a large scale; interaction between the probe and protein emits fluorescence

ionisation technique using a laser energy absorbing matrix to form ions from molecules with minimal fragmentation; can be useful with studying some proteins in mass spectrometry

ionisation process used in mass spectrometry, applying a voltage to a liquid in a capillary tube to produce an aerosol; reduces the chances of fragmentation, but does not work with all proteins

mass spectrometry method determining an ions mass-charge ratio by measuring the time taken to travel a known distance

mass analyser used by some mass spectrometry techniques to separate ions based on their mass-charge ratio; separation is by the ion’s stability in an oscillating electric field

type of mass spectrometry using electric and magnetic fields to capture charged particles in a circular flight path, before ions are released in a reproducible fashion towards a detector or exit gate

mass spectrometry mass analyser determining mass-charge ratios of ions based on cyclotron frequency of the ions in a fixed magnetic field; induces free induction decay in ions, releasing energy as sine waves which can then be interpreted by a Fourier transform to produce a mass spectrum

mass spectrometry technique trapping ions in an orbital pattern around a central electrode, creating a frequency signal that can be converted to a mass-charge ratio with a Fourier transform

a process of cleaving a protein into smaller fragments and then identifying the sequences of these peptides

unique amino acid sequences that can be used to identify the protein present in a sample