the coupling of liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, allowing the separated components to be identified together; used to derive sequences of individual peptides in complex samples where masses may overlap

long RNA transcripts that are not translated to protein, normally over 200 nucleotides in length

method measuring the expression of thousands of genes at once, giving a snapshot of cell function; could involve DNA microarrays for identified genes or RNA-seq for expression level resolution

proteasome degrading ubiquitin-labelled proteins found in the cytoplasm, when a cell has been exposed to oxidative stress and inflammatory stimuli

proteins found with higher expression levels in specific tissues only

microscopy technique used to visualise cellular components by staining with fluorescent antibodies, allowing intracellular protein localisation to be studied