field studying the structure and folds present in proteins across all species and organisms

method of structure determination for protein and macromolecules, involving the crystallisation of a highly concentrated protein and measurement of diffracted X-rays to give a 3D electron density map that can be converted to a molecular structure

method used for smaller protein identification (<35 kDa), giving a spectra that can be converted to protein / molecule structure

electron microscopy technique requiring the sample to be frozen in vitreous ice by freezing in liquid ethane, allowing near atomic resolution protein structures to be determined (current best resolution - 3Å)

method cleaving proteins into peptides of 700-1500 Daltons, allowing mass spectrometry techniques to be used