variation that is not predictably transmitted from parent to offspring; different contributions to a given trait are given by each allele

genetic phenomena where one allele can override the effect of the other allele on the same chromosome

the interaction between genes, influencing a phenotype

Genotype can have no impact on the phenotype, unless certain environmental conditions are satisfied; these are hard to identify, as finding large numbers of participants that have all been exposed to the same environment is challenging/impossible

different contributions are made by each allele to the phenotype

each allele contributes the same amount to the trait

different contributions from different loci, altering the phenotype

each loci provides the same contribution to the phenotype, increasing the phenotype by a factor instead of a constant value

hypothesis proposing that all genes expressed in a cell impact the expression of a given trait

genes having a direct impact on the expression of a trait, described by the omnigenic model

genes that have an indirect impact on the expression of a trait and explain more heritability than the core genes, as described by the omnigenic model

genes that aren’t expressed and therefore cannot have an impact on the expression of a trait, according to the omnigenic model

cells found in the thymus that are essential for developing tolerance to self-antigens; express all self-proteins, with any T cells that bind directed to undergo apoptosis or develop into T regulatory cells to prevent autoimmunity

a risk factor that cannot be changed, such as family history, age of childbirth, …

a risk factor for a condition that can be changed by the individual, such as alcohol intake, BMI, smoking, …

regions of non-coding DNA regulating the transcription of neighbouring genes, involved in regulatory networks to control morphogenesis, anatomical development, and other aspects of evolutionary biology; normally regulate gene expression by binding transcription factors

DNA sequence able to initiate transcription of an RNA transcript from a DNA template downstream

promoters with a focal start site, with all RNA transcripts from that promoter starting at exactly the same nucleotide position

promoter with a less well defined start site, with RNA transcripts starting in a general region; CpG islands are more common; housekeeping genes are generally under these promoters

promoters with broad start locations, containing many CpG islands; developmental genes are usually under these promoters

a cytosine nucleotide followed immediately by a guanine nucleotide; able to be methylated