process occurring when a transcription factor or polymerase binds to the genome and translocates along; this is uncommon in humans

changing the state of the DNA (such as to heterochromatin) through a protein binding to the chromosome, and then that change spreading along the chromosome until a boundary element is reached.

an insulator protein preventing a chromatin state from spreading further along the chromosome; can also be called an insulator.

the process of forming 3D structures in the chromosomal DNA, allowing distant regions of the chromosome to be brought closer together, such as through the formation of TADs

a protein bound at the end of a chromatin loop, which binds to the locus control region (LCR), forming a loop of DNA

cis-regulatory element enhancing the expression of distal linked genes by helping form DNA loops; required for the normal regulation of beta-globin gene expression

method used to study the 3D orientation of chromatin in a cell, identifying the presence of interactions between 2 defined genomic loci; by cross-linking DNA and circularising the linked sections, PCR with primers specific to the region of interest can indicate interactions (or not); one-to-one

method of studying interactions between a region of interest and any other DNA; after cross-linking, inverse PCR allows the amplification of the unknown sequence, allowing up to a million interactions to be studied by microarray; one-to-all

all intrachromosomal interactions within a given region (<1Mb) can be studied with this method; uses many different primer pairs to amplify the DNA, but only works on a relatively small section of the genome; many-to-many

method identifying interactions between any parts of the genome through sequencing; after cross-linking and circularising the interacting DNA, sequencing data from the ends of each fragment are obtained, and then aligned individually to determine the region of the genome they came from; any-to-any

process using fluorescent probes to bind specific parts of a nucleic acid sequence, allowing their location within a cell to be determined by microscopy; interactions between two sequences of interest can be determined by measuring the distance between two probes (although more probes can be used)

a series of molecular biology techniques allowing the organisation of chromatin to be identified within a cell

a self-interacting genomic region, where interactions are more frequent than with sequences outside this region; boundaries of these sequences can be conserved across species and mammalian cell types

protein regulating the 3D structure of chromatin, binding DNA strands together to form loops or anchor DNA to the nuclear lamina; defines boundaries between euchromatic and heterochromatic DNA; acts as a boundary element

protein complex mediating chromatid cohesion, DNA looping, and homologous recombination; forms chromosomal loops via the loop extrusion mechanism, until a boundary element is reached (eg- CTCF)

a loop formed by cohesin between two DNA-bound CTCF molecules

a TAD that has formed within a TAD

the probability that two sections are nearby at least some of the time

a model describing extruders (cohesin) and barriers (CTCF) that are involved in the formation of loops in DNA, such as TADs or sub-TADs

regions of the nucleus that are frequently occupied by specific chromosomes; thought to be present in most eukaryotes (but not Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

the sequence of nucleotides in the genome

the compactions, modifications, and chromatin state of the genome

the 3D arrangement of the genome, allowing identification of regulatory principles